Monitoring the population plays a key role in helping meet the national level challenges arising out of the rapid rise in India’s population. With the increasing concern of every educated citizen in the country for our rapidly growing population, it has become necessary to impart essential knowledge about the population phenomenon to our younger gen­eration. The book has been written utilizing the latest data to the extent it has been possible. This book can cater to the needs of all those who are keenly interested in India’s demographic challenges. A conscious effort has been made to have a clear and comprehensible exposition with minimum of technical materials to help general readers of the subject. The book has also been prepared in a language that is understood by those who have not had an advanced training in mathematical demography.