Climate challenge has been a source of conflict in the 21st century. Global temperature is significantly increasing, causing serious flooding, drought, famine and wildfire in many parts of the world, especially in Africa. These challenges lay the foundations for disaster, human insecurity, intergroup conflict and the spread of disease. Biodiversity loss, human encroachment on natural ecosystems, and abuse of wildlife have been associated with the emergence of climate change. The precipitating factors of poverty and conflict are manifestations of the climate challenge, causing ill- health, insecurity, poverty, under-development and conflict. This book is the outcome of multidisciplinary efforts to provide a clearer understanding about the meaning, nature, indicators and impact of the global climate challenge on economic development and conflict resolution in Africa. It also includes adaptation and mitigation strategies to address the effects of global climate challenge.